Relationship between Time Pressure in Information Search and Demographics - An Econometric Application
Author(s)
Kavita Nagpal(Principal, Orchids International School, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) and Priya Makhija* (Assistant Professor, CMS - Jain University, Bangalore, India), *Corresponding author's Email
Citation
Nagpal, Kavita and Makhija, Priya (2019), “Relationship between Time Pressure in Information Search and Demographics - An Econometric Application”, MERC Global’s International Journal of Management, Vol. 7, Special Issue 1, pp. 123-135.
Article history
Submitted: January 17, 2019, Revision received: March 29, 2019, Accepted: April 13, 2019
The main objective of this study was to compare the information search behaviour of consumers against pressures of time of two developed areas namely Santa Cruz and Powai in Mumbai City. This study was carried out in two Mohalls/areas, namely Santa Cruz and Powai of Mumbai city, Maharastra. The sampling technique used for data collection was non-probability sampling; the method used was a convenience sampling. The study was fully based on primary data. The tool constructed for the collection of data was a questionnaire. The questionnaire used in the present study was self-structured, which is designed after an intense review of various literature available in the field of consumer behaviour and time pressure in information search. Consumer buying behaviour mainly depends on his attitudes. The middle-aged people have a positive attitude towards beauty cosmetic products compared to young aged people. Monthly family income does not have any influence on the attitude towards beauty cosmetic products. All categories of people want to maintain their self-image regarding physical appearance among society. Regarding occupation and marital status, housewives and married people have a positive degree of attitude towards beauty cosmetic products. Thus, the relationships between demographics and information search behaviour of customers of both areas have been assessed with the help of regression analysis. It can be concluded that the amount of search varies with the variation of demographic features. This study was limited to only two Muhallas of Mumbai city where future research could aim to identify a more representative sample of India from all walks of life. The questionnaire used in the present study was self-structured, which is designed after an intense review of various literature available in the field of consumer behaviour and time pressure in information search. The questionnaire was divided into two sections. Section I of the questionnaire consists of demographic variables such as gender, age, income, education level, profession/occupation and marital status and three questions related to time pressure and nine questions related to the buying behaviour of customers to collect the opinion of respondents. All the questions of section II were measured using a Five Point Likert scale.
Keywords
Information search, Time pressure, Consumer behaviour.
References / Bibliography
Alba, J. and Hutchinson, J. W. (1987), “Dimensions of Consumer Expertise”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 13, Issue 4, pp. 411-454.
Alba, J.; Lynch, J.; Weitz, B.; Janiszewski, C.; Lutz, R.; Sawyer, A. and Wood, S. (1997), “Interactive Home Shopping: Consumer, Retailer, and Manufacturer Incentives to Participate in Electronic Marketplaces”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 61, July, pp. 38-53.
Antil, J. H. (1984), “Conceptualisation and Operationalisation of Involvement”, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 11, pp. 203-209.
Avery, R. J. (1996), “Determinants of Search for Nondurable Goods: An Empirical Assessment of the Economics of Information Theory”, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 390-420.
Bakos, J. Yannis (1997), “Reducing Buyer Search Costs: Implications for Electronic Marketplaces”, Management Science, Vol. 43, pp. 12.
Baty, J. B. and Lee, R. M. (1995), “Intershop: Enhancing the Vendor / Customer Dialectic in Electronic Shopping”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 9-31.
Beatty, S. E. and Smith, S. M. (1987), “External Search Effort: An Investigation Across Several Product Categories”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (June), pp. 83-95.
Bei, L. and Chen, E. (2004), “Consumers’ Online Information Search Behavior and the Phenomenon of Search vs. Experience Products”, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Vol. 25. No. 4.
Belk, R.W. (1975), “Situational Variables and Consumer Behaviour”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 157-164.
Blackwell, R. D.; Miniard, P. W. and Engel, J. F. (2001), Consumer Behavior, Harcourt College Publications, USA.
Bloch, P. H. and Richins, M. L. (1983), “A Theoretical Model for the Study of Product Importance Perceptions”, The Journal of Marketing, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 69-81.
Bloch, P. H.; Sherrell, D. L. and Ridgway, N. M. (1986), “Consumer Search: An Extended Framework”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 13, pp. 119-126.
Brucks, M. (1985), “The Effect of Product Class Knowledge on Information Search Behaviour”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 2, pp. 1-16.
Bystrom, K. and Jarvelin, K. (1995), “Task Complexity affects Information Seeking and Use”, Information Processing & Management, Vol. 31, pp. 191-213.
Caplaw, T. (1982), “Christmas Gifts and Kin Network”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 47, pp. 383-392.
Cassell, J. and Bickmore, T. (2000), “External Manifestations of Trustworthiness in the Interface”, Communications of the ACM, December, pp. 50–56.
Cheung, C. and Lee, M. K. O. (2006), “Understanding Consumer Trust in Internet Shopping: A Multidisciplinary Approach”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 479-492.
Choi, E. Y. (1991), A Study on Consumer Involvement on Clothing, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Churchill, G. A. and Peter, J. P. (1998), Marketing: Creating Value for Customers, Boston Irwin / McGraw –Hill.
Clarke, K. and Belk, R. W. (1979), “The Effects of Product Involvement and Task Definition on Anticipated Consumer Effort”, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 313-318. ]
Davis, H. L. (1971), “Measurement of Husband-Wife Influence in Consumer Purchase Decisions”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 8, No. 3 (March), pp. 305-312.
Degeratu, A. M.; Rangaswamy, A. and Wu, J. (2000), “Consumer Choice Behaviour in Online and Traditional Supermarkets: The Effects of Brand Name, Price, and other Search Attributes”, International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 55-78.
Dhar, R. and Nowlis, S.M. (1999), “The Effect of Time Pressure on Consumer Choice Deferral”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 369-384.
Dickson, P. R. (2000), “Understanding the Trade Winds: The Global Evolution of Production, Consumption, and the Internet”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 115-122.
Duncan, C. P. and Olshavsky, R. W. (1982), “External Search: The Role of Consumer Belief”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 32-43.
East, R. (1997), Consumer Behavior, Prentice-Hall, Sydney.
Engel, J. F.; Kollat, D. T. and Blackwell, R. D. (1973), Consumer Behaviour, New York NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Ewusi-Mensah, K. and Przasnyski, Z. H. (1991), “On Information Systems Project Abandonment: An Exploratory Study of Organizational Practices”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 67-88.
Fischer, E. and Arnold, S. J. (1990), “More than a Labour of Love: Gender Roles and Christmas Gift Shopping”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 17, pp. 333-344.
Ford, G. T. and Smith, R. A. (1987), “Inferential Beliefs in Consumer Evaluations: An Assessment of Alternative Processing Strategies”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 14, pp. 363-71.
Freedman, J. L. and Edwards, D. R. (1998), “Time Pressure, Task Performance, and Enjoyment”.
Furse, D. H.; Punj, G. N. and Stewart, D. W. (1984), “A Typology of Individual Search Strategies among Purchasers of New Automobiles”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 417-31.
Ghani, U.; Imran, M. and Jan, F. A. (2011), “The Impact of Demographic Characteristics on Impulse Buying Behaviour of Urban Consumers in Peshawar”, International Journal of Academic Research, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 286-289.
Gujarati, D. N. (2004), Basic Econometrics, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
Haines, Jr. G. H. (1978), “The Effect of Information on the Consumer and Market Behaviour”, American Marketing Association, Chicago, Vol. II.
Han, K.M. (1991), Time Use and Time Conflict of Employed Wives, Unpublished Doctor's Thesis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
Han, S.R. (1996), “Present and Future of Non-Store Retailing”, Proceedings of Korea Marketing Association Spring Conference, pp. 49-59.
Inman, J. J. (2007), “Regret Regulation: Disentangling Self-reproach Form Learning”, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 19-24.
Jensen, M. and Drozdenko, R. (2008), “The Changing Price of Brand Loyalty under Perceived Time Pressure”, Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 115-120.
Joung, S. H. and Kim, H. J. (2002), “A Qualitative Research on Shopping Behaviour of Consumer under the Perception of Time Pressure”, Korean Family Resource Management Association, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 15-29.
Jun, M. and Cai, S. (2001), “The Key Determinants of Internet Banking Service Quality: A Content Analysis”, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 276-291.
Kang, E. M. and Park, E. J. (2003), “Impact Factors on Consumer Satisfaction in Apparel Buying Behaviour”, Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 29-39.
Kimbrough, S. O. and Moore, S. A. (1992), “Message Management Systems: Concepts, Motivation, and Strategic Effects”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 29-52.
King, W. R. and Teo, T. S. H. (1994), “Facilitators and Inhibitors for the Strategic Use of Information Technology”, Information and Management, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 71-88.
King, W. R. and Teo, T. S. H. (1996), “Key Dimensions of Facilitators and Inhibitors for the Strategic Use of Information Technology”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 35-54.
King, W. R.; Grover, V. and Hufnagel, E. H. (1989), “Using Information and Information Technology for Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Some Empirical Evidence”, Information and Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 87-93.
Kozinets, R. V. (1999), “E-tribalized Marketing: The Strategic Implications of Virtual Communities of Consumption”, European Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 252-264.
Kwon, Y. J. and Cho, H. J. (1998), Analysis of Major Success Factors for E-Commerce Development, Proceedings of Industrial Information Association / Information Systems Association, pp. 243–252.
Lee, J. A. (1996), Study on Consumer Time Cognitions and Information Search Behaviour: In case of Household Electric Goods, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Ewha Women’s University, Seoul, Korea.
Lee, M. (2002), “e-SERVQUAL: A Scale for Measuring Consumer Evaluations of Internet Service Quality”, Korean Marketing Review, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 73-95.
Lim, K. B. (2006), “The Effect of Shopping Orientations on Clothing Purchasing Behaviour According to Residence”, The Research Journal of the Costume Culture, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 366-380.
Lim, S. J.; Shin, H. B.; Kim, H. J. and Lee, H. M. (2001), Fashion Marketing and Consumer Behaviour, Seoul: Kyomunsa.
Lohse, G. and Spiller, P. (1998), “Electronic Shopping: How do Customer Interfaces Produce Sales on the Internet?” Communication of the ACM, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 81-87.
Lohse, G. L.; Bellman, S. and Johnson, E. J. (2000), “Consumer Buying Behaviour on the Internet: Findings from Panel Data”, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp.15-29.
Lussier, D. A. and Olshavsky, R. W. (1979), “Task Complexity and Contingent Processing in Brand Choice”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 6, pp. 154-65.
Mai, N. T. T.; Jung, K.; Lantz, G. and Loeb, S. G. (2003), “An Exploratory Investigation into Impulse Buying Behaviour in a Transitional Economy: A Study of Urban Consumer in Vietnam,” Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 13-35.
Martin, T. and Elaine, S. (1994), “Trends and Challenges of Expanding Internationally via Direct Marketing”, Journal of Direct Marketing, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 32-43.
Mary, A. E. and Feinberg, R. A. (1994), “Gender Differences in Mail-Catalog Patronage Motives”, Journal of Direct Marketing, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 37-44.
Mattson, B. E. and Dubinsky, A. J. (1987), “Shopping Patterns: An Exploration of Some Situational Determinants”, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 47-62.
McColl-Kennedy, J. R. and Fetter, Jr. R.E. (2001), “An Empirical Examination of the Involvement to External Search Relationships in Service Marketing”, Journal of Service Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 82-98.
McGaughey, R. E. and Mason, K. H. (1998), “The Internet as a Marketing Tool”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 1-11.
McGrath, Joseph E. (Ed.), “The Social Psychology of Time: New Perspectives”, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 113-133.
Miller, J. G. (1960), “Information Input Overload and Psychopathology”, American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 116, pp. 695-704.
Montazemi, A. R. (1988), “Factors Affecting Information Satisfaction in the Context of the Small Business Environment”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 239-55.
Moore, R. and Punj, G. (1999), Consumer Information Search: A Comparison of Web-based and Traditional Decision Environments, Marketing Theory and Practice, Proceedings of AMA Winter Marketing Educators’ Conference, St. Petersburg, FL, 20-23 February.
Moore, W. L. and Lehman, D. R. (1980), “Individual Differences in Search Behaviour for a Nondurable”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 7, No. 3 (December), pp. 296-307.
Moorthy, S.; Ratchford, B.T. and Talkudar, D. (1997), “Consumer Information Search Revisited: Theory and Empirical Analysis”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 23, pp. 263-277.
Muir, L. and Douglas, A. (2001), “Advent of E-Business Concept in Legal Services and its Impact on the Quality of Services”, Managing Service Quality, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 175-181.
Newman, J. W. and Staelin, R. (1972), “Pre-purchase Information Seeking for New Cars and Major Household Appliances”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 249-57.
Oh, C. K. (1998), Influencing Factors of E-Commerce Development, Proceedings of Industrial Information Association / Information Systems Association, pp. 265-279.
Oh, Y. A. (2000), The Effect of Time Pressure on the Consumer's Decision- Making to Purchase Apparel, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Chonnam National University, Gwangju.
Park, C. W. (1982), “Joint Decisions in Home Purchasing: A Muddling- Through Process”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 9, pp. 151-62.
Park, C. W.; Iyer, E. S. and Smith, D. C. (1989), “The Effects of Situational Factors on In-Store Grocery Shopping Behaviour: The Role of Store Environment and Time Available for Shopping”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 422-433.
Payne, J. W. (1976), “Task Complexity and Contingent Processing in Decision Making: An Information Search and Protocol Analysis”, Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, Vol. 16, pp. 366-87.
Payne, J. W. (1982), “Contingent Decision Behaviour”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 92, pp. 382-402.
Payne, J. W.; Bettman, J. R. and Johnson, E. J. (1988), “Adaptive Strategy Selection in Decision Making”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 14, pp. 534-52.
Peterson, R. A.; Balasurbramanian, S. and Bronnenberg, B. J. (1997), “Exploring the Implications of the Internet for Consumer Marketing”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 4, pp. 329-346.
Piron, F. (1991), “Defining Impulse Purchasing,” Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 18, pp. 509-513.
Premkumar, G.; Ramamurthy, K. and Nilakanta, S. (1994), “Implementation of Electronic Data Interchange: An Innovation Diffusion Perspective”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 157-186.
Punj, G. N. and Staelin, R. (1983), “A Model of Consumer Information Search Behaviour for New Automobiles”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (March), pp. 366-380.
Puri, R. (1996), “Measuring and Modifying Consumer Impulsiveness: A Cost-Benefit Framework”, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 87-113.
Putrevu, S. and Lord, K. R. (2001), “Search Dimensions, Patterns and Segment Profiles of Grocery Shoppers”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 8, pp. 127-37.
Ravikumar, (2012), “A Study on Impact of Visual Media Advertisements on Women Consumers Buying Behaviour in Chennai City”, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2.
Rook, D. W. (1987), “The Buying Impulse,” Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 14, pp. 189-199.
Rook, D. W. and Fisher, R. J. (1995), “Trait and Normative Aspects of Impulsive Buying Behaviour,” Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 305-313.
Rook, D. W. and Gardner, M. P. (1993), “In the Mood: Impulse Buying’s Affective Antecedents”, Research in Consumer Behaviour, Vol. 6, pp. 1-28.
Svenson, O. and Edland, A. (1987), “Change of Preferences under Time Pressure: Choices and Judgments”, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 322-330.
Talarzyk, W. W. (1994), “Direct Marketing and Online Consumer Information Services: Implications and Challenges”, Journal of Direct Marketing, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 7-17.
Unmesh, U. N.; Pettit, K. L. and Bozman, C. S. (1989), “Shopping Model of the Time-Sensitive Consumer”, Decision Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 715-729.
Weinberg, P. and Gottwald, W. (1982), “Impulsive Consumer Buying as a Result of Emotions”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 10, pp. 43-57.
Westbrook, R. A. and Fornell, C. (1979), “Patterns of Information Source Usage among Durable Goods Buyers”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 16, No. 3 (August), pp. 303-312.
Weun, S. J.; Michael, A. and Beatty, S. E. (1998), “The Development and Validation of the Impulse Buying Tendency Scale”, Psychological Reports, Vol. 82, pp. 123-133.
Wilkes, R. E. (1975), “Husband-Wife Influence in Purchase Decisions: A Confirmation and Extension”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 12, No. 2 (May), pp. 224-227.
William, H. D. (1988), “The Measurement of End-User Computing Satisfaction”, MIS Quarterly, June, pp. 259-274.
Wilson, T. D. (1981), “On User Studies and Information Needs”, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 3-15.
Wilson, T. D. (1997), “Information Behaviour: An Interdisciplinary Perspective”, Information Processing and Management, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 551-572.
Wilson, T.D. (1999), “Models in Information Behaviour Research”, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 249-270.
Wood, M. (1998), “Socioeconomic Status, Delay of Gratification and Impulse Buying”, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 295- 320.
Wright, P.L. (1974), “The Harassed Decision Maker: Time Pressures, Distractions, and the Use of Evidence”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 59, pp. 555-561.
Yoon, J. Y. (2009), A Study on the Impact of Involvement, Time Pressure and Reversibility on Anticipated Regret, Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention: With Focus on Internet Shopping Mall Customers, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Zakay, D. and Wooler, S. (1984), “Time Pressure, Training and Decision Effectiveness”, Ergonomics, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 273-284.
Zeithaml, V. (1985), “The New Demographics and Market Fragmentation”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Summer), pp. 64-75.